The Napoleon Height Myth
Few misconceptions have proven as enduring as the belief that Napoleon Bonaparte was exceptionally short. This "Napoleon complex"—the idea that short men overcompensate with aggression—has entered common parlance, yet it's based on a fundamental misunderstanding of history.
What Was Napoleon's Actual Height?
The Historical Evidence
According to French medical records at the time of his death in 1821, Napoleon measured 5 feet 2 inches in French units. However, French inches were longer than English inches. Converting to modern measurements, Napoleon stood approximately 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm) tall.
Average Height in Context
At 5 feet 7 inches, Napoleon was actually of average or slightly above-average height for a Frenchman of his era. The average male height in early 19th-century France was around 5 feet 5 inches. Napoleon was taller than many of his contemporaries.
Origins of the "Short Napoleon" Myth
British Propaganda
Much of the myth originated from British wartime propaganda. British cartoonists, particularly James Gillray, depicted Napoleon as a tiny, comical figure to mock and diminish their enemy. These caricatures proved remarkably influential in shaping public perception.
The Nickname "Le Petit Caporal"
Napoleon's soldiers affectionately called him "Le Petit Caporal" (The Little Corporal). However, this nickname referred to his common touch and closeness to ordinary soldiers, not his physical stature. It was a term of endearment, not a description of size.
The Imperial Guard
Napoleon's Imperial Guard consisted of elite soldiers selected partly for their impressive height. Standing next to these tall guardsmen, Napoleon could appear shorter by comparison, contributing to misconceptions about his stature.
Confusion Over Measurements
The difference between French and English measurement systems caused lasting confusion. When Napoleon's height was reported as "5 feet 2 inches" in French measurements, English-speaking people assumed this meant English feet and inches, underestimating his height by several inches.
The "Napoleon Complex" Psychology
Defining the Term
Psychologists use "Napoleon complex" to describe aggressive or domineering behavior by people of short stature, supposedly compensating for their height. The term itself reflects and perpetuates the myth about Napoleon's height.
Scientific Scrutiny
Research on whether shorter men are actually more aggressive or competitive has produced mixed results. The stereotype is not strongly supported by scientific evidence.
Napoleon's Physical Presence
Contemporary Descriptions
Those who met Napoleon often remarked on his commanding presence, intense gaze, and physical energy rather than any lack of height. His charisma and confidence left strong impressions on observers.
Military Bearing
Napoleon maintained himself with military posture and moved with purpose. His presence on the battlefield inspired his troops and intimidated opponents—hardly the behavior of someone insecure about their stature.
Comparison with Other Leaders
Historical Perspective
Many celebrated historical figures were shorter than Napoleon, including figures like Louis XIV, who stood around 5 feet 4 inches. Height has rarely correlated with historical significance or leadership ability.
Conclusion
The myth of Napoleon's short stature demonstrates how wartime propaganda can shape historical memory for centuries. In reality, Napoleon Bonaparte was of average height for his time—neither particularly tall nor notably short. His true stature in history comes from his remarkable achievements and lasting influence on military strategy, law, and governance, not his physical height.
